Many services provided by coastal and marine ecosystems are in decline. Awareness of
these declines and the need to improve existing management has led to a shift toward …

The rapid increase in the science and implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs)
around the world in the past 15 years is now being followed by similar increases in the …

Resilience underpins the sustainability of both ecological and social systems. Extensive loss
of reef corals following recent mass bleaching events have challenged the notion that …

The ocean plays a critical role in supporting human well-being, from providing food,
livelihoods and recreational opportunities to regulating the global climate. Sustainable …

The declining health of marine ecosystems around the world is evidence that current
piecemeal governance is inadequate to successfully support healthy coastal and ocean …

Multiple activities affect the marine environment in concert, yet current management
primarily considers activities in isolation. A shift towards a more comprehensive …

In 2003, California established a network of fully protected marine reserves and
conservation areas that allow limited take in the state waters (0 to 3 nautical miles) of the …

Conventional management approaches cannot meet the challenges faced by ocean and
coastal ecosystems today. Consequently, national and international bodies have called for a …

Despite the widely accepted need for ecosystem-based management of coastal and marine
systems, many managers struggle with how to put these principles into practice. Commonly …

THERE is growing awareness that the escalating crisis in marine ecosystems—from
biodiversity losses and transformed food webs to marine pollution and warming waters—is …