Parsing the differences in affected with LHON: genetic versus environmental triggers of disease conversion

Affiliations

• ¹ 1 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy 2 Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy valerio.carelli@unibo.it alfredo.sadun@gmail.com.
• ² 3 Medical Genetics, Department of Reproductive Sciences, Development and Public Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy 4 IRCCS-Burlo Garofolo Children Hospital, Trieste, Italy.
• ³ 1 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy 2 Neurology Unit, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
• ⁴ 5 Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
• ⁵ 1 IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
• ⁶ 6 Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
• ⁷ 7 IRCCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
• ⁸ 8 Azienda San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy.
• ⁹ 9 Ospedale San Giovanni Evangelista, Tivoli, Italy.
• ¹⁰ 10 Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
• ¹¹ 11 Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP) and IPEPO (Instituto da Visão), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
• ¹² 12 Instituto de Olhos de Colatina, Colatina, Brazil.
• ¹³ 5 Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA 10 Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA valerio.carelli@unibo.it alfredo.sadun@gmail.com.