Pedagogical handicap associated with micropenis and other CHARGE syndrome anomalies of embryogenesis: four 46, XY cases reared as girls

Am J Psychother. 1988 Jul;42(3):354-79. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1988.42.3.354.

Abstract

Genital hypoplasia (micropenis) and CNS impairments are among multiple anomalies of embryogenesis that are found in association in a syndrome for which the acronym CHARGE has recently been coined. The CNS anomalies are either peripheral or central or both. Their various manifestations are impaired hearing and vision; impaired motor performance and visual-motor coordination; IQ deficit either overall or specific to verbal reasoning or praxic reasoning; and social ineptitude consequent on impaired social maturation. These various impairments constitute a pedagogical handicap which, even though of major severity, is not refractory to clinical treatment and educational therapy.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Abnormalities, Multiple / psychology*
  • Developmental Disabilities / complications
  • Hearing Disorders / complications
  • Humans
  • Hypospadias / complications
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Learning Disabilities / complications*
  • Male
  • Penis / abnormalities*
  • Psychomotor Performance
  • Vision Disorders / complications