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A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs

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Abstract

We describe the Phase II HapMap, which characterizes over 3.1 million human single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 270 individuals from four geographically diverse populations and includes 25–35% of common SNP variation in the populations surveyed. The map is estimated to capture untyped common variation with an average maximum r2 of between 0.9 and 0.96 depending on population. We demonstrate that the current generation of commercial genome-wide genotyping products captures common Phase II SNPs with an average maximum r2 of up to 0.8 in African and up to 0.95 in non-African populations, and that potential gains in power in association studies can be obtained through imputation. These data also reveal novel aspects of the structure of linkage disequilibrium. We show that 10–30% of pairs of individuals within a population share at least one region of extended genetic identity arising from recent ancestry and that up to 1% of all common variants are untaggable, primarily because they lie within recombination hotspots. We show that recombination rates vary systematically around genes and between genes of different function. Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations.

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Figure 1: SNP density in the Phase II HapMap.
Figure 2: Haplotype structure and recombination rate estimates from the Phase II HapMap.
Figure 3: The extent of recent co-ancestry among HapMap individuals.
Figure 4: Properties of untaggable SNPs.
Figure 5: Recombination rates around genes.
Figure 6: Properties of non-synonymous and synonymous SNPs.

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Change history

  • 18 January 2008

    Co-author Todd A. Johnson's name was inadvertently omitted from the list of RIKEN authors in the HTML version of the paper only. This was corrected on 18 January 2008.

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Acknowledgements

We thank many people who contributed to this project: all members of the genotyping laboratory and the sample, primer, bioinformatics, data quality and IT groups at Perlegen Sciences for technical and infrastructural support; J. Beck, C. Beiswanger, D. Coppock, A. Leach, J. Mintzer and L. Toji for transforming the Yoruba, Japanese and Han Chinese samples, distributing the DNA and cell lines, storing the samples for use in future research, and producing the community newsletters and reports; J. Greenberg and R. Anderson for providing funding and support for cell line transformation and storage in the NIGMS Human Genetic Cell Repository at the Coriell Institute; T. Dibling, T. Ishikura, S. Kanazawa, S. Mizusawa and S. Saito for help with genotyping; C. Hind and A. Moghadam for technical support in genotyping and all members of the subcloning and sequencing teams at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; X. Ke for help with data analysis; Oxford E-Science Centre for provision of high-performance computing resources; H. Chen, W. Chen, L. Deng, Y. Dong, C. Fu, L. Gao, H. Geng, J. Geng, M. He, H. Li, H. Li, S. Li, X. Li, B. Liu, Z. Liu, F. Lu, F. Lu, G. Lu, C. Luo, X. Wang, Z. Wang, C. Ye and X. Yu for help with genotyping and sample collection; X. Feng, Y. Li, J. Ren and X. Zhou for help with sample collection; J. Fan, W. Gu, W. Guan, S. Hu, H. Jiang, R. Lei, Y. Lin, Z. Niu, B. Wang, L. Yang, W. Yang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, S. Xu, W. Yan, H. Yang, W. Yuan, C. Zhang, J. Zhang, K. Zhang and G. Zhao for help with genotyping; P. Fong, C. Lai, C. Lau, T. Leung, L. Luk and W. Tong for help with genotyping; C. Pang for help with genotyping; K. Ding, B. Qiang, J. Zhang, X. Zhang and K. Zhou for help with genotyping; Q. Fu, S. Ghose, X. Lu, D. Nelson, A. Perez, S. Poole, R. Vega and H. Yonath for help with genotyping; C. Bruckner, T. Brundage, S. Chow, O. Iartchouk, M. Jain, M. Moorhead and K. Tran for help with genotyping; N. Addleman, J. Atilano, T. Chan, C. Chu, C. Ha, T. Nguyen, M. Minton and A. Phong for help with genotyping, and D. Lind for help with quality control and experimental design; R. Donaldson and S. Duan for help with genotyping, and J. Rice and N. Saccone for help with experimental design; J. Wigginton for help with implementing and testing QA/QC software; A. Clark, B. Keats, R. Myers, D. Nickerson and A. Williamson for providing advice to NIH; C. Juenger, C. Bennet, C. Bird, J. Melone, P. Nailer, M. Weiss, J. Witonsky and E. DeHaut-Combs for help with project management; M. Gray for organizing phone calls and meetings; D. Leja for help with figures; the Yoruba people of Ibadan, Nigeria, the people of Tokyo, Japan, and the community at Beijing Normal University, who participated in public consultations and community engagements; the people in these communities who donated their blood samples; and the people in the Utah CEPH community who allowed the samples they donated earlier to be used for the Project. This work was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Wellcome Trust, Nuffield Trust, Wolfson Foundation, UK EPSRC, Genome Canada, Génome Québec, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, the University Grants Committee of Hong Kong, the SNP Consortium, the US National Institutes of Health (FIC, NCI, NCRR, NEI, NHGRI, NIA, NIAAA, NIAID, NIAMS, NIBIB, NIDA, NIDCD, NIDCR, NIDDK, NIEHS, NIGMS, NIMH, NINDS, NLM, OD), the W.M. Keck Foundation, and the Delores Dore Eccles Foundation. All SNPs genotyped within the HapMap Project are available from dbSNP (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP); all genotype information is available from dbSNP and the HapMap website (http://www.hapmap.org).

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Correspondence to Mark J. Daly (Project Leader) or Gilean McVean (Project Leader).

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Some authors declare employment and personal financial interests. These authors declare employment financial interests: authors who are current employees of genotyping companies or were employees of genotyping companies (Affymetrix, Illumina, ParAllele, Perlegen) during the project. These authors declare personal financial interests (defined as serving on the advisory board of a genotyping company, owning stock in a genotyping company, or receiving royalties from a patent licensed to a genotyping company): A.B., A.C., A.S., D.R.C., M.S.C., J.B.F., L.M.G., L.R.C., P.H., P.Y.K., S.S.M. and T.D.W.

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Lists of participants and affiliations appear at the end of the paper. (Participants are arranged by institution and then alphabetically within institutions except for Principal Investigators and Project Leaders, as indicated.)

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The International HapMap Consortium. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449, 851–861 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06258

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