We searched PubMed and Embase with use of the search terms “pulmonary fibrosis” or “interstitial lung disease” or “diffuse parenchymal lung diseases” or “fibrotic interstitial pneumonia”, in combination with the terms “genetics” or “genetic polymorphisms” or “genetic predisposition” or “genome-wide association studies”. We chose mostly publications from the past 5 years (Jan 2009 to Jan 2014), with an emphasis on research from the previous 12 months, but we also included highly regarded older
ReviewGenetic determinants of pulmonary fibrosis: evolving concepts
Section snippets
Pathogenesis of lung fibrosis
Fibrogenesis is a physiological and typically self-limiting part of the healing process in response to tissue injury.1 However, if the injury is severe or repetitive, or if the reparative process is uncontrolled, then excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components can lead to tissue overgrowth, fibrosis, and organ failure—a common outcome of fibrotic diseases that can affect many organs, including the lungs.2 Some forms of pulmonary fibrosis are associated with known environmental or
Predisposing factors
Many forms of evidence have contributed to knowledge of the role of genetic factors in the development of pulmonary fibrosis; these include the substantial variability in disease development in individuals exposed to similar concentrations of fibrogenic dusts, the widely different response to experimentally induced fibrosis in mice, and the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis in inherited disorders with pleiotropic clinical manifestations (such as dyskeratosis congenita and Hermansky-Pudlak
Differentiation of lung fibrosis by pathogenetic mechanisms
The lung might be an important organ for the development of autoimmune diseases because it could prime pathogenic T cells before they are recruited to target organs in which they attack self-antigens and trigger autoimmunity.72 In parallel, investigators are increasingly aware of pulmonary involvement (especially fibrosis) in connective tissue diseases. Differentiation of pulmonary fibrosis associated with connective tissue diseases from that of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis might not be
What might genetic findings mean for the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
A growing body of evidence suggests that the development of pulmonary fibrosis is genetically determined. The question now is how genetic abnormalities identified by investigators can be incorporated in a unified pathogenetic model for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Disease-associated mutations within SFTPC and SFTPA2, which are exclusively expressed by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells, point towards epithelial cell injury and loss of their reparative capacity, mediated by accumulation of
What might genetic findings mean for fibrosis in patients who do not have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
In connective tissue diseases and sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis can develop after an exaggerated immune response and inflammation. Several aspects of fibrosis differ between patients with connective tissue diseases and sarcoidosis and those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Patients with sarcoidosis are usually younger than are those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and only about 15–20% of individuals with sarcoidosis develop pulmonary fibrosis; fibrosis in patients with sarcoidosis is
What genetic findings might mean for treatment choices or clinical trial strategies
No drugs are available to specifically target the aberrant fibrogenetic process or repeated alveolar cell perturbations and to stop the inexorable disease progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nonetheless, the genetic associations identified so far have broadened understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and suggest that investigators should pay more attention to alveolar epithelial cell stress, host defence, cell–cell adhesion, and telomere length when
Conclusions and future directions
In the past decade, understanding of the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has substantially changed. Once thought to be the result of a chronic inflammatory process, the fibrotic response now seems to be driven by perturbation of alveolar epithelial cells, expansion of lung fibroblast and myofibroblast populations, and secretion of excessive amounts of extracellular matrix components, resulting in scarring and destruction of the lung architecture. Genetic factors substantially
Search strategy and selection criteria
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A mutation in the surfactant protein C gene associated with familial interstitial lung disease
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Heterozygosity for a surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with usual interstitial pneumonitis and cellular nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis in one kindred
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Hydrophobic surfactant proteins in lung function and disease
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A surfactant protein C precursor protein BRICHOS domain mutation causes endoplasmic reticulum stress, proteasome dysfunction, and caspase 3 activation
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress in alveolar epithelial cells is prominent in IPF: association with altered surfactant protein processing and herpesvirus infection
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Epithelial endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in sporadic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
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Telomere diseases
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Dyskeratosis congenita in all its forms
Br J Haematol
Disease anticipation is associated with progressive telomere shortening in families with dyskeratosis congenita due to mutations in TERC
Nat Genet
The RNA component of telomerase is mutated in autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita
Nature
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Beyond the joints, the extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis
2021, Autoimmunity ReviewsCitation Excerpt :They also reported an association between high titer of ACPA and RA-ILD [165,166]. Other genetic factors, associated with increased risk of ILD in RA, were represented by HLA-B54, HLA-DQ1B*0601, HLA-B40, HLA-DR4, and the site encoding α-1 protease inhibitor [167]. The description of RA-ILD follows the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory society international consensus classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias [168,169].
PolyG mitigates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting nucleolin and regulating DNA damage repair pathway
2020, Biomedicine and PharmacotherapyCitation Excerpt :This promotes the proliferation and transdifferentiation of fibroblasts and the phenomenon of transforming polar epithelial cells to non-polar mesenchymal cells [1]. These findings suggest that, under the exposure of silica, several cell types exhibit DNA damage related phenotypes, such as apoptosis of macrophages and type II AECs, the proliferation of fibroblasts, epithelial to mesenchymal transition or myofibroblast differentiation derived from fibroblasts, and cell senescence [2]. Therefore, DNA damage may be a hallmark of the disease and could initiate pulmonary fibrosis pathology [3–5].
Walking the path of treatable traits in interstitial lung diseases
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