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Microsatellite instability analysis and/or immunostaining for the diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer?

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Abstract

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) represents 2–4% of colorectal cancers and is caused by a constitutional defect in a mismatch repair (MMR) gene, most commonly affecting the genes MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6. The MMR defect results in an increased cancer risk with the greatest lifetime risks for colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer. The HNPCC-associated tumor phenotype is generally characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) and immunohistochemical loss of expression of the affected MMR protein. We have evaluated the information obtained from MSI analysis and immunostaining for MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 in a series of 128 tumors from patients suspected of having HNPCC. A MSI-high pattern was present in 59 of 128 (46%) tumors. Loss of immunohistochemical expression for at least one of these MMR proteins was found in 54 of 59 (92%) evaluable MSI tumors. This loss affected MLH1 in 28, MSH2 in 22, and MSH6 in 21 tumors (with MSH6 as the only loss in 4 tumors). Five (8%) MSI-high tumors showed normal MMR protein expression. All 69 microsatellite stable or MSI-low tumors showed normal immunostaining for all three proteins. In 28 patients, all with MSI-H tumors, germ-line mutations of MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6 had been identified, and a corresponding immunohistochemical loss of MMR protein expression was identified in all these cases. In summary, immunostaining for the MMR proteins MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 100% for detecting MMR-deficient tumors. MMR protein immunostaining facilitates mutation analysis in suspected HNPCC patients, since it pinpoints the mutated gene, but until the genetic background to the MSI tumors with retained MMR protein expression has been clarified, we suggest that MSI and MMR protein immunostaining should optimally be combined in clinical HNPCC analysis.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Cecilia Österman for technical assistance and all the co-workers at the oncogenetic clinics, Lund University Hospital, and the Karolinska Hospital in Stockholm for the collaboration around the HNPCC patients. Wolfram Müller, Department of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany and Sören Nielsen, University Hospital, Ålborg, Denmark are acknowledged for valuable help establishing the immunostaining technique. Financial support was granted from the Swedish Cancer Society, the king Gustaf V’s Jubilee Foundation, the Stockholm Cancer Association, the G. A. & E. Nilsson Cancer Fund, the Mrs. B. Kamprad Cancer Fund, the Å. Wiberg Cancer Fund, and the Lund University Hospital Cancer Fund.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, The Jubileum Institution, Lund University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden

    Britta Halvarsson

  2. Department of Pathology, Helsingborg Hospital, 251 87, Helsingborg, Sweden

    Britta Halvarsson

  3. Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska Hospital, 171 76 , Stockholm, Sweden

    Annika Lindblom & Kristina Lagerstedt

  4. Department of Oncology, The Jubileum Institution, Lund University Hospital, 221 85 , Lund, Sweden

    Eva Rambech & Mef Nilbert

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  1. Britta Halvarsson
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Correspondence to Britta Halvarsson.

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Halvarsson, B., Lindblom, A., Rambech, E. et al. Microsatellite instability analysis and/or immunostaining for the diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer?. Virchows Arch 444, 135–141 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-003-0922-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-003-0922-z

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