Feature | Participants, n/n evaluated | (%) |
Incomplete hippocampal inversion | 26/41 | (63.4) |
Bilateral | 19/41 | (46.3) |
Monolateral | 7/41 | (17.1) |
Posterior fossa malformations* | 29/44 | (65.9) |
Large cisterna magna | 25/44 | (56.8) |
Dandy-Walker continuum | 1/44 | (2.3) |
Large cisterna magna with low attachment of tentorium and low torcula | 2/44 | (4.5) |
Inferior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia | 1/44 | (2.3) |
Lateral ventricle morphology abnormalities | 15/41 | (36.6) |
Dilation of lateral ventricles | 10/41 | (24.4) |
Dysmorphic atria | 5/41 | (12.2) |
Temporal horn enlargement | 4/41 | (9.8) |
Other ventricular dysmorphisms | 5/41 | (12.2) |
Cysts* | 5/44 | (11.4) |
Arachnoid cyst | 4/44 | (9.1) |
Choroid plexus cyst | 1/44 | (2.3) |
Subependymal cyst | 1/44 | (2.3) |
Pars intermedia cyst | 1/44 | (2.3) |
White matter abnormalities | 8/41 | (19.5) |
Generalised reduction of white matter thickness | 2/41 | (4.9) |
Peritrigonal reduction of white matter thickness | 2/41 | (4.9) |
Localised signal alterations of white matter | 4/41 | (9.8) |
Periventricular leukomalacia | 1/41 | (2.4) |
Gliosis of the peritrigonal regions | 1/41 | (2.4) |
Left cerebellar hemisphere porencephaly | 1/41 | (2.4) |
Patulous internal auditory canal* | 8/12 | (66.7)† |
Empty sella | 4/39 | (10.3) |
Vascular abnormalities | 3/6 | (50.0)† |
Other brain imaging abnormalities | 11/41 | (26.8) |
Widened subarachnoid space | 2/41 | (4.9) |
Dilation of perivascular space | 3/41 | (7.3) |
Abnormal corpus callosum morphology | 2/41 | (4.9) |
Olfactory nerve/bulb abnormalities | 2/41 | (4.9) |
Ocular/optic nerve abnormalities | 2/41 | (4.9) |
Dilation of Meckel’s cave | 1/41 | (2.4) |
Agenesis of septum pellucidum | 1/41 | (2.4) |
Lipoma tuber cinereum | 1/41 | (2.4) |
*Evaluated on both MRI and CT scan.
†Unlikely to be representative of the entire population (sample size too small).