Table 1

Costs of intellectual disability per annum by age and severity of disability (2018, US$)

Age (years)/severity groupHealthcare costs*
(mean (lower and upper boundaries))		Social costs
(mean (lower and upper boundaries))		Total costs (mean (lower and upper boundaries))
Hospital services costsCommunity services costsTreatment/aids/adaptations costsTotal healthcare costsAccommodation costs†Education costs‡Daytime activities costs§Income support Carer costs** Loss of Productivity Total social costsHealthcare and social costs)
Children 0–3/mild$13 431
(9222–17 639)		$962
(962)		$40
(26–55)		$14 432
(10 210–18 655)		$984
(374–1536)		$2521
(0–3782)		$6163
(0–13 029)		$12 154
(11 848–12 390)		$14 370
(14 370)		$10 321
(0–22 995)		$46 514
(26 592–68 102)		$60 946
(36 802–86 757)
Children 0–3/moderate$13 431
(9222–17 639)		$962
(962)		$40
(26–55)		$14 432
(10 210–18 655)		$984
(374–1536)		$2521
(0–3782)		$6163
(0–13 029)		$11 626
(10 661–12 390)		$23 316
(23 316)		$10 321
(0–22 995)		$54 931 (34 350–77 048)$69 364
(44 560–95 703)
Children 0–3/severe/profound$13 431
(9222–17 639)		$962
(962)		$187
(93–280)		$14 579
(10 277–18 881)		$984
(374–1536)		$2521
(0–3782)		$6163
(0–13 029)		$12 615
(12 390–12 885)		$16 762
(16 762)		$10 321
(0–22 995)		$49 366
(29 526–70 989)		$63 945
(39 803–89 869)
Children 4–11/mild$9297
(3175–17 639)		$5893
(431–11 355)		$929
(55–1802)		$16 119
(3662–30 796)		$3092
(1418–3949)		$41 594
(17 273–71 996)		$12 405
(11 781–13 029)		$12 476
(11 848–12 988)		$46 764
(15 787–77 741)		$12 662
(3506–22 995)		$129 007
(61 613–202 698)		$145 126
(65 275–233 493)
Children 4–11/moderate$9297
(3175–17 639)		$5893
(431–11 355)		$929
(55–1802)		$16 119
(3662–30 796)		$3092
(1418–3949)		$41 594
(17 273–71 996)		$12 405
(11 781–13 029)		$11 948
(10 661–12 988)		$61 654
(24 732–98 575)		$12 662
(3506–22 995)		$143 369
(69 371–223 532)		$159 488
(73 033–254 327)
Children 4–11/severe/profound$9297
(3175–17 639)		$5893
(431–11 355)		$1075
(123–2028)		$16 266
(3730–31 021)		$3092
(1418–3949)		$41 594
(17 273–71 996)		$12 405
(11 781–13 029)		$12 772
(12 390–12 988)		$69 747
(18 178–121 315)		$12 662
(3506–22 995)		$152 286
(64 547–246 272)		$168 551
(68 276–277 293)
Children 12–17/mild$7296
(3771–12 322)		$544
(431–657)		$926
(50–1802)		$8767
(4253–14 782)		$3494
(1736–4836)		$40 759
(31 994–47 020)		$6890
(706–13 029)		$12 395
(11 848–12 843)		$46 135
(14 528–77 741)		$12 653
(3443–23 032)		$122 326
(64 255–178 501)		$131 093
(68 508–193 283)
Children 12–17/moderate$7296
(3771–12 322)		$544
(431–657)		$926
(50–1802)		$8767
(4253–14 782)		$3494
(1736–4836)		$40 759
(31 994–47 020)		$6890
(706–13 029)		$11 868
(10 661–12 843)		$61 024
(23 474–98 575)		$12 653
(3443–23 032)		$136 688
(72 013–199 335)		$145 455
(76 266–214 117)
Children 12–17/severe/profound$7296
(3771–12 322)		$17 904
(12 821–22 988)		$1073
(118–2028)		$26 274
(16 710–37 338)		$3494(1736–4836)$40 759
(31 994–47 020)		$6890
(706–13 029)		$12 691
(12 390–12 843)		$69 117
(16 920–121 315)		$12 653
(3443–23 032)		$145 605
(67 189–222 076)		$171 878
(83 899–259 413)
Young adult 18–29/mild$17 401
(7541–31 076)		$1398
(955–2110)		$136
(121–150)		$18 935
(8617–33 337)		$73 161
(51 511–86 335)		$2689
(1321–3758)		$8567
(3774–13 360)		$13 900
(11 848–15 541)		$74 503
(59 554–86 215)		$29 412
(15 495–40 604)		$202 232
(143 503–245 812)		$221 167
(152 120–279 149)
Young adult 18–29/moderate$17 401
(7541–31 076)		$1398
(955–2110)		$136
(121–150)		$18 935
(8617–33 337)		$73 161
(51 511–86 335)		$2689
(1321–3758)		$8567
(3774–13 360)		$13 372
(10 661–15 541)		$91 374
(74 444–98 575)		$29 412
(15 495–40 604)		$218 575
(157 205–260 702)		$237 511
(165 823–294 039)
Young adult 18–29/severe/profound$17 401
(7541–31 076)		$2966
(1930–4002)		$282
(189–376)		$20 650
(9661–35 454)		$80 854
(51 511–99 169)		$2689
(1321-3758)		$8567
(3774–13 360)		$14 361
(12 885–15 541)		$104 350
(82 537–121 315)		$29 412
(15 495–40 604)		$240 233
(167 523–293 747)		$260 883
(177 184–329 201)
Adult 30–59/mild$17 401
(7541–31 076)		$1398
(955–2110)		$136
(121–150)		$18 935
(8617–33 337)		$60 331
(21 390–86 335)		$0
(0)		$13 598
(9891–15 857)		$13 900
(11 848–15 541)		$74 503
(59 554–86 215)		$29 412
(15 495–40 604)		$191 744
(118 177–244 552)		$210 679
(126 794–277 889)
Adult 30–59/moderate$17 401
(7541–31 076)		$1398
(955–2110)		$136
(121–150)		$18 935
(8617–33 337)		$63 061
(21 390–86 335)		$0
(0)		$13 413
(9891–15 857)		$13 372
(10 661–15 541)		$91 374
(74 444–98 574)		$29 412
(15 495–40 604)		$210 633
(131 880–259 442)		$229 568
(140 497–292 779)
Adult 30–59/severe/profound$17 401
(7541–31 076)		$2966
(1930–4002)		$282
(189–376)		$20 650
(9661–35 454)		$75 890
(55 740–91 882)		$0
(0)		$7538
(6398–9344)		$14 361
(12 885–15 541)		$104 350
(82 537–121 315)		$29 412
(15 495–40 604)		$231 550
(173 054–278 686)		$252 200
(182 715–314 140)
Elderly adult >60/mild$2316
(1199–3434)		$2402
(1858–2946)		$100
(75–126)		$4818
(3131–6506)		$60 331
(21 390–86 335)		$0
(0)		$11 522
(9528–13 515)		$13 419
(11 848–14 675)		$75 537
(60 026–87 810)		$2262
(2211–2329)		$162 669
(105 121–204 547)		$167 487
(108 252–211 052)
Elderly adult >60/moderate$2316
(1199–3434)		$2402
(1858–2946)		$100
(75–126)		$4818
(3131–6506)		$63 061
(21 390–86 335)		$0
(0)		$11 522
(9528–13 515)		$12 891
(10 661–14 675)		$92 408
(74 916–99 609)		$2262
(2211–2329)		$181 743
(118 824–219 437)		$186 561
(121 955–225 942)
Elderly adult >60/severe/profound$2316
(1199–3 434)		$2402
(1858–2946)		$247
(142–351)		$4965
(3199–6731)		$75 890
(55 740–91 882)		$0
(0)		$11 522
(9528–13 515)		$13 880
(12 885-14 675)		$105 384
(83 009–122 910)		$2262
(2211–2329)		$208 535
(163 491–245 193)		$213 500
(166 690–251 925)

  • *All healthcare costs (hospital, community and treatment) were inflated to 2018 prices using country-specific OECD all items non-food, non-energy Consumer Price Indexes.25

  • †Accommodation costs were inflated to 2018 prices using country-specific OECD all items non-food, non-energy Consumer Price Indexes.25

  • ‡Education costs were inflated to 2018 prices using country-specific OECD all items non-food, non-energy Consumer Price Indexes.25

  • §Daytime activities costs were inflated to 2018 prices using country-specific OECD all items non-food, non-energy Consumer Price Indexes.25

  • ¶Income support and loss of productivity costs were inflated to 2018 prices using the public and private all industries Australian Wage Price Index (December 2018) for costs originally reported in Australian dollars26 or a ratio of average annual nominal earnings for the years of interest for costs originally reported in British pound sterling,27 or a ratio of the average hourly nominal production workers compensation for the years of interest for costs originally reported in US dollars.28

  • **Carer costs (composed of informal care, external care and out-of-pocket costs) were inflated to 2018 prices using the public and private all industries Australian Wage Price Index (December 2018) for costs originally reported in Australian dollars26 or a ratio of average annual nominal earnings for the years of interest for costs originally reported in British pound sterling,27 or a ratio of the average hourly nominal production workers compensation for the years of interest for costs originally reported in US dollars28 (informal and external carer costs), or using country-specific OECD all items non-food, non-energy Consumer Price Indexes25 (out-of-pocket costs).

  • OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.