Table 3

Pain related genes associated with ion channel function

Gene name	Channel type affected	Phenotype	References
SCN9A	Voltage gated Na⁺ channels	↑ Chronic pain in mixed cohort (sciatica, osteoarthritis, pancreatitis, lumbar discectomy, and phantom limb)	87
SCN9A	Voltage gated Na⁺ channels	↑ Sensitivity for experimental pain	87
KCNS1	Voltage gated K⁺ channels	↑ Chronic pain in 5 cohorts (sciatica, lumbar pain, amputation, phantom limb)	88
KCNS1	Voltage gated K⁺ channels	↑ Sensitivity for experimental pain	88
CACNA2D3	Voltage gated Ca²⁺ channels	↓ Sensitivity to thermal pain	89
CACNA2D3	Voltage gated Ca²⁺ channels	↓ Chronic post-surgical pain (discogenic disease)	89
CACNG2	Voltage gated Ca²⁺ channels	↑ Chronic post-surgical pain (post-mastectomy)	90