Diseases and phenotypes associated with cancer susceptibility
| Disease or phenotype | Population prevalence (%) | Sib risk (%) | Cancer risk | Reference |
| Cryptorchidism | 1 | 6 | Testicular (6-fold) | 44 45 |
| Palmar keratoses | 23 | — | Bladder (12-fold), lung (4-fold) | 46 47 |
| Supernumerary nipples | 1 | — | Urogenital (8-fold) | 48 |
| Paget's disease of bone | 2 | 12 | Osteosarcoma (100-fold) | 49 50 |
| Multinodular goitre | 1 | 4 | Thyroid (4-fold, 20% of cases), breast (4-fold) | 51 |
| Coeliac disease | 0.3 | 10 | Lymphoproliferative disease (30 to 40-fold), oesophagus (8 to 12-fold), Mouth and pharynx (10-fold) | 52 53 54 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 0.3 | 8 | Colorectal (6-fold) | 55 56 |
| Endometriosis | 10 | 70 | Breast (1.3-fold) , ovary (1.9-fold) | 57 58 |
| Naevi | NA | h2 = 84 | Melanoma | 59 60 |
| Radiosensitivity | 9 | 18 | Breast (9-fold), lung (14-fold) | 61 62 |
NA: not applicable; h2: heritability.