RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Gene editing as a promising approach for respiratory diseases JF Journal of Medical Genetics JO J Med Genet FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd SP jmedgenet-2017-104960 DO 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104960 A1 Yichun Bai A1 Yang Liu A1 Zhenlei Su A1 Yana Ma A1 Chonghua Ren A1 Runzhen Zhao A1 Hong-Long Ji YR 2018 UL http://jmg.bmj.com/content/early/2018/01/04/jmedgenet-2017-104960.abstract AB Respiratory diseases, which are leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the world, are dysfunctions of the nasopharynx, the trachea, the bronchus, the lung and the pleural cavity. Symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases, such as cough, sneezing and difficulty breathing, may seriously affect the productivity, sleep quality and physical and mental well-being of patients, and patients with acute respiratory diseases may have difficulty breathing, anoxia and even life-threatening respiratory failure. Respiratory diseases are generally heterogeneous, with multifaceted causes including smoking, ageing, air pollution, infection and gene mutations. Clinically, a single pulmonary disease can exhibit more than one phenotype or coexist with multiple organ disorders. To correct abnormal function or repair injured respiratory tissues, one of the most promising techniques is to correct mutated genes by gene editing, as some gene mutations have been clearly demonstrated to be associated with genetic or heterogeneous respiratory diseases. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) and clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) systems are three innovative gene editing technologies developed recently. In this short review, we have summarised the structure and operating principles of the ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 systems and their preclinical and clinical applications in respiratory diseases.