PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Lopez, Estelle
AU  - Berenguer, Marie
AU  - Tingaud-Sequeira, Angèle
AU  - Marlin, Sandrine
AU  - Toutain, Annick
AU  - Denoyelle, Françoise
AU  - Picard, Arnaud
AU  - Charron, Sabine
AU  - Mathieu, Guilaine
AU  - de Belvalet, Harmony
AU  - Arveiler, Benoit
AU  - Babin, Patrick J
AU  - Lacombe, Didier
AU  - Rooryck, Caroline
TI  - Mutations in <em>MYT1</em>, encoding the myelin transcription factor 1, are a rare cause of OAVS
AID  - 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103774
DP  - 2016 Nov 01
TA  - Journal of Medical Genetics
PG  - 752--760
VI  - 53
IP  - 11
4099  - http://jmg.bmj.com/content/53/11/752.short
4100  - http://jmg.bmj.com/content/53/11/752.full
SO  - J Med Genet2016 Nov 01; 53
AB  - Background Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) is a developmental disorder involving first and second branchial arches derivatives, mainly characterised by asymmetric ear anomalies, hemifacial microsomia, ocular defects and vertebral malformations. Although numerous chromosomal abnormalities have been associated with OAVS, no causative gene has been identified so far.Objectives We aimed to identify the first causative gene for OAVS.Methods As sporadic cases are mostly described in Goldenhar syndrome, we have performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on selected affected individuals and their unaffected parents, looking for de novo mutations. Candidate gene was tested through transient knockdown experiment in zebrafish using a morpholino-based approach. A functional test was developed in cell culture in order to assess deleterious consequences of mutations.Results By WES, we identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation in one patient in the myelin transcription factor 1 (MYT1) gene. Further, we detected one heterozygous missense mutation in another patient among a cohort of 169 patients with OAVS. This gene encodes the MYT1. Functional studies by transient knockdown of myt1a, homologue of MYT1 in zebrafish, led to specific craniofacial cartilage alterations. Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA), a known teratogenic agent causing OAVS, led to an upregulation of cellular endogenous MYT1 expression. Additionally, cellular wild-type MYT1 overexpression induced a downregulation of RA receptor β (RARB), whereas mutated MYT1 did not.Conclusion We report MYT1 as the first gene implicated in OAVS, within the RA signalling pathway.