PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Shinawi, Marwan
AU  - Liu, Pengfei
AU  - Kang, Sung-Hae L
AU  - Shen, Joseph
AU  - Belmont, John W
AU  - Scott, Daryl A
AU  - Probst, Frank J
AU  - Craigen, William J
AU  - Graham, Brett H
AU  - Pursley, Amber
AU  - Clark, Gary
AU  - Lee, Jennifer
AU  - Proud, Monica
AU  - Stocco, Amber
AU  - Rodriguez, Diana L
AU  - Kozel, Beth A
AU  - Sparagana, Steven
AU  - Roeder, Elizabeth R
AU  - McGrew, Susan G
AU  - Kurczynski, Thaddeus W
AU  - Allison, Leslie J
AU  - Amato, Stephen
AU  - Savage, Sarah
AU  - Patel, Ankita
AU  - Stankiewicz, Pawel
AU  - Beaudet, Arthur L
AU  - Cheung, Sau Wai
AU  - Lupski, James R
TI  - Recurrent reciprocal 16p11.2 rearrangements associated with global developmental delay, behavioural problems, dysmorphism, epilepsy, and abnormal head size
AID  - 10.1136/jmg.2009.073015
DP  - 2010 May 01
TA  - Journal of Medical Genetics
PG  - 332--341
VI  - 47
IP  - 5
4099  - http://jmg.bmj.com/content/47/5/332.short
4100  - http://jmg.bmj.com/content/47/5/332.full
SO  - J Med Genet2010 May 01; 47
AB  - Background Deletion and the reciprocal duplication in 16p11.2 were recently associated with autism and developmental delay.Method We indentified 27 deletions and 18 duplications of 16p11.2 were identified in 0.6% of all samples submitted for clinical array-CGH (comparative genomic hybridisation) analysis. Detailed molecular and phenotypic characterisations were performed on 17 deletion subjects and ten subjects with the duplication.Results The most common clinical manifestations in 17 deletion and 10 duplication subjects were speech/language delay and cognitive impairment. Other phenotypes in the deletion patients included motor delay (50%), seizures (∼40%), behavioural problems (∼40%), congenital anomalies (∼30%), and autism (∼20%). The phenotypes among duplication patients included motor delay (6/10), behavioural problems (especially attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)) (6/10), congenital anomalies (5/10), and seizures (3/10). Patients with the 16p11.2 deletion had statistically significant macrocephaly (p<0.0017) and 6 of the 10 patients with the duplication had microcephaly. One subject with the deletion was asymptomatic and another with the duplication had a normal cognitive and behavioural phenotype. Genomic analyses revealed additional complexity to the 16p11.2 region with mechanistic implications. The chromosomal rearrangement was de novo in all but 2 of the 10 deletion cases in which parental studies were available. Additionally, 2 de novo cases were apparently mosaic for the deletion in the analysed blood sample. Three de novo and 2 inherited cases were observed in the 5 of 10 duplication patients where data were available.Conclusions Recurrent reciprocal 16p11.2 deletion and duplication are characterised by a spectrum of primarily neurocognitive phenotypes that are subject to incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The autism and macrocephaly observed with deletion and ADHD and microcephaly seen in duplication patients support a diametric model of autism spectrum and psychotic spectrum behavioural phenotypes in genomic sister disorders.