Article Text
Statistics from Altmetric.com
- CHN, congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy
- CMAP, compound motor action potential
- CMT disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
- DSN, Déjérine-Sottas neuropathy
- NCVs, nerve conduction velocities
- SNAP, sensory nerve action potential
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a motor and sensory neuropathy with clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Patients usually present in the first or second decade of life with distal muscle atrophy in the legs, areflexia, foot deformity (mainly pes cavus), and steppage gait. In most cases, hands are also involved as the disease progresses. CMT is the most frequent inherited neuropathy, with a prevalence in Spain of 28 in 100 000.1 Based on electrophysiological studies and histopathologic findings in nerve biopsies, CMT has been subcategorised into two main and distinct neuropathies: (i) demyelinating CMT (CMT1, MIM 118200) associated with reduction in a nerve conduction velocities (NCVs) in all nerves and segmental demyelination and remyelination (“onion bulbs”); and (ii) axonal CMT (CMT2, MIM 118220) associated with normal or almost normal NCVs and loss of myelinated axons. Other phenotypes are associated with motor and sensory nerve involvement: Déjérine-Sottas neuropathy (DSN, MIM 145900) is a severe demyelinating neuropathy with onset in infancy, delayed motor milestones, and NCVs less than 10 m/s; congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy (CHN, MIM 605253) is a dysmyelinating neuropathy characterised by infantile hypotonia, distal muscle weakness, and marked reduction of NCVs; hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP, MIM 162500) is a milder sensory and motor neuropathy with periodic episodes of numbness, muscular weakness, and atrophy.2
Genetic heterogeneity is characteristic of the disease not just because of the large number of genes and loci associated with CMT (currently 21 genes),3–5 but also because the disease may segregate with different Mendelian patterns. The most frequent pattern of inheritance is autosomal dominant, but autosomal recessive and X linked segregation are also observed.
The relationship of the type of CMT, demyelinating or axonal, with specific genes is not perfect. For instance, MPZ mutations are usually manifested clinically as an autosomal dominant …
Footnotes
-
This work was supported by Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology grants SAF2000-0082-C02-01 and SAF2003-00135, Fundació “la Caixa” grant 02-004, Instituto de Salud Carlos III grant G03/56 for the Spanish Network on Cerebellar Ataxias, and the GIS-Maladies Rares Consortium on Autosomal Recessive CMT. RC is a predoctoral fellow receiving the Fundació “la Caixa” grant and LP is a recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology.
-
Competing interests: the authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.