Background Fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine-1-phosphate–receptor modulator that
prevents lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes, showed clinical efficacy and improvement …

Astrocytes have important roles in the central nervous system (CNS) during health and
disease. Through genome-wide analyses we detected a transcriptional response to type I …

Importance Within 2 decades of onset, 80% of untreated patients with relapsing-remitting
multiple sclerosis (MS) convert to a phase of irreversible disability accrual termed secondary …

A number of studies have been conducted with the onset of secondary progressive multiple
sclerosis as an inclusion criterion or an outcome of interest. However, a standardized …

Background High-efficacy therapies in multiple sclerosis are traditionally used after
unsuccessful treatment with first-line disease modifying therapies. We hypothesised that …

Background A female/male (F/M) ratio increase over time in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients
was demonstrated in many countries around the world. So far, a direct comparison of sex …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic relapsing disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in
which immune processes are believed to play a major role. To date, there is no reliable …

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that begins as a
relapsing-remitting disease (RRMS) and is followed by a progressive phase (SPMS). The …

Objective To identify predictors of 10‐year Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) change
after treatment initiation in patients with relapse‐onset multiple sclerosis. Methods Using …

Background: Several studies have shown that pregnancy reduces multiple sclerosis (MS)
relapses, which increase in the early postpartum period. Postpartum relapse risk has been …