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Autosomal dominant immune dysregulation syndrome in humans with CTLA4 mutations

Nature Medicine volume 20, pages 1410–1416 (2014)Cite this article

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Abstract

The protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of immune responses, and its loss causes fatal autoimmunity in mice. We studied a large family in which five individuals presented with a complex, autosomal dominant immune dysregulation syndrome characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections and multiple autoimmune clinical features. We identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation in exon 1 of CTLA4. Screening of 71 unrelated patients with comparable clinical phenotypes identified five additional families (nine individuals) with previously undescribed splice site and missense mutations in CTLA4. Clinical penetrance was incomplete (eight adults of a total of 19 genetically proven CTLA4 mutation carriers were considered unaffected). However, CTLA-4 protein expression was decreased in regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in both patients and carriers with CTLA4 mutations. Whereas Treg cells were generally present at elevated numbers in these individuals, their suppressive function, CTLA-4 ligand binding and transendocytosis of CD80 were impaired. Mutations in CTLA4 were also associated with decreased circulating B cell numbers. Taken together, mutations in CTLA4 resulting in CTLA-4 haploinsufficiency or impaired ligand binding result in disrupted T and B cell homeostasis and a complex immune dysregulation syndrome.

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Figure 1: Genetics and pedigrees of families with CTLA4 mutations.
Figure 2: Tissue infiltration and lymphadenopathy in patients with CTLA4 mutations.
Figure 3: Impact of CTLA4 heterozygosity on T and B cells.
Figure 4: Impaired transendocytosis, ligand binding and Treg suppressive activity in CTLA4 heterozygotes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the patients and their relatives for their participation in this study. We thank F. Atschekzei, S. Kock, A. Gaa, S. Glatzel and M. Stenzel for technical assistance, and D. Comtesse, R. Weinert, R. Wieland, M. Schüler and N. Verma for their excellent and dedicated patient care. This research was funded by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung with the following grants: Integriertes Forschungs und Behandlungszentrum/Center for Chronic Immunodeficiencies 01EO1303, Systems Biology E:med/SysInflame: 012X1306F; the Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung #8000805-3 and in part by the Excellence Initiative of the German Research Foundation (GSC-4, Spemann Graduate School) and by the Intramural Research Program of the US National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. We also thank the German Crohn's and Colitis Foundation for support of the exome sequencing and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Cluster of Excellence “Inflammation at Interfaces.” B.A.G. is funded by the DFG CRC 992 Medical Epigenetics, L.S.K.W. by a UK Medical Research Council Senior Fellowship, T.Z.H. by the Wellcome Trust, R.K. by Diabetes UK, J.B.W. by a Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceYoung Scientist B grant and S.S. by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan and the Japan Science and Technology Agency.

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Author notes

  1. Desirée Schubert, Claudia Bode, Rupert Kenefeck, Tie Zheng Hou, Lucy S K Walker, David M Sansom and Bodo Grimbacher: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Desirée Schubert, Claudia Bode, Alla Bulashevska, Susanne Unger, Natalie Frede, Carsten Speckmann, Stephan Ehl, Anne Rensing-Ehl, Klaus Warnatz, Mirzokhid Rakhmanov, Toni Cathomen, Ulrich Salzer & Bodo Grimbacher

  2. Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany

    Desirée Schubert

  3. University College London Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, UK

    Rupert Kenefeck, Tie Zheng Hou, Alan Kennedy, Suranjith Seneviratne, Lucy S K Walker, David M Sansom & Bodo Grimbacher

  4. World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    James B Wing & Shimon Sakaguchi

  5. Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany

    Britt-Sabina Petersen & Andre Franke

  6. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Alejandro A Schäffer

  7. Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Björn A Grüning & Rolf Backofen

  8. Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

    Ulrich Baumann, Torsten Witte & Reinhold E Schmidt

  9. HELIOS Children's Hospital, Krefeld, Germany

    Gregor Dueckers & Tim Niehues

  10. Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Maria Kanariou

  11. Clinic for Internal Medicine 2, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Robert Thimme & Peter Hasselblatt

  12. Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Florian Emmerich & Toni Cathomen

  13. Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

    Paul Fisch, Maximilian Seidl, Annette May & Annette Schmitt-Graeff

  14. Division of Structural Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

    Shinji Ikemizu

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  1. Desirée Schubert
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Contributions

D.S. conceived and performed experiments, analyzed and interpreted the data, and co-wrote the manuscript. C.B. performed experiments and analyzed the data. R.K. designed and performed CTLA-4 staining and transendocytosis experiments, and analyzed the data. T.Z.H. designed and performed Treg cell suppression assays, and analyzed the data. J.B.W. conceived and performed the mouse experiments, and interpreted the data. A.K. performed cloning, mutagenesis, transfection and microscopy. A.B., B.-S.P. and B.A.G. analyzed whole-exome sequencing data, A.A.S. analyzed the linkage analysis data, and S.U. performed experiments and analyzed the data. N.F. managed patients, and analyzed next-generation sequencing data. U.B., T.W., R.E.S., G.D., T.N., S. Seneviratne, M.K., C.S., S.E., R.T., P.H. and U.S. managed patients and provided the clinical data and patient's material, A.R.-E., K.W., M.R., F.E., T.C., R.B., P.F., M.S., A.M. and A.S.-G. designed and interpreted experiments. S.I. performed crystallographic modeling. A.F. and S. Sakaguchi conceived, designed and interpreted experiments. L.S.K.W. and D.M.S. conceived, designed and interpreted experiments and co-wrote the manuscript. B.G. managed patients, conceived and interpreted experiments, and co-wrote the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bodo Grimbacher.

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Schubert, D., Bode, C., Kenefeck, R. et al. Autosomal dominant immune dysregulation syndrome in humans with CTLA4 mutations. Nat Med 20, 1410–1416 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3746

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