Table 4

Level II uncontrolled case series of transcatheter embolisation (detachable coils, balloons, etc) for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs)

Study	Subjects/PAVMs	Diagnosis of HHT	Mean (range) age (years)	Intervention	% with follow-up	Mean follow-up (months)	Post-embolisation outcome	Frequency post-embolisation outcome	Procedural complication	Frequency complication
Pollak et al 200685	155/415	95%	45 (7–77)	100%	100%	96	PAVM involution Reperfusion Growth small PAVMs	97% 3% 18%	Long term Pleurisy Angina TIA	0% 12% 2% 0.5%
Prasad et al 200496	54/306	94%	38	100%	100%	35	PAVM involution Reperfusion	93% 7%	Long term Pleurisy Paradoxical embolisation Device misplaced PAVM perforation TIA	0% 12% <0.5% 1% 1% 1%
Mager et al 200483	112/296	96%	45 (7–85)	100%	100%	62	Improved Pao₂ pre–post Improved shunt (100% O₂) pre–post Reperfusion Growth small PAVMs TIA Brain abscess	p<0.001 p<0.001 13% (patients) 8% (PAVMs) 14% (patients) 3% 2%	Pleurisy Angina Stroke TIA Paradoxical embolisation Surgical device removal Pulmonary hypertension	13% 2% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1%
Gupta et al 200295	66/225	83%	44 (13–77)	100%	98%	27	Improved Spo₂ pre–post Improved shunt (Tc99 MAA)	p<0.0001 p<0.0001	Long term Pleurisy Angina Paradoxical embolisation Haemoptysis	0% 3% 5% 1% 1%
Dutton et al 199593	53/–	79%	41 (8–70)	100%	100%	Minimum 3	Improved Spo₂ pre–post Improved shunt (Tc99 MAA)	p<0.0001 p<0.0001	Long term Pleurisy Angina Confusion Stroke Paradoxical embolisation Myocardial puncture	0% 9% 3% 2% 1% 2% 1%
Lee et al 199797	45/52 (Large PAVMs)	87%	42 (12–73)	100%	100%	56	Reperfusion	15%	Pleurisy Air embolisation Paradoxical embolisation	31% 2% 4%
Chilvers et al 199094	15/–	73%	41 (13–63)	100%	100%	3	Improved Spo₂ pre–post Improved shunt (100% O₂) pre–post Improved peak work capacity pre–post	p<0.05 p<0.001 60%	DVT Pulmonary infarct	8% 8%
White et al 198892	76/276	88%	36 (5–76)	100%	95%	Minimum 3	Technical success Improved O₂ pre–post TIA	100% 77% 2%	Pleurisy Air embolisation Paradoxical embolisation DVT	10% 5% 3% 1%
Gershon et al 200198	7/13 Pregnancy	100%	28 (24–34)	100%	100%	30	Technical success Estimated fetal radiation dose	100% 50–220 mRad	Pleurisy Fetal/childhood complications	29% 0%
Faughnan et al 200487	42/172 Paediatric	86%	12 (4–18)	100%	90%	84	Improved Pao₂ pre–post Absence of PAVM complications (FOCAL group) Absence of PAVM complications (DIFFUSE group) Reperfusion	p<0.003 100% 83% (2 deaths, 1 from brain abscess, 1 from lung transplant) 15%	Long-term Pleurisy Other pain Angina Paradoxical embolisation Device misplaced Brachial plexus injury	0% 24% 2% 1% 0% 3% 1%

DVT, deep vein thrombosis; Tc99 MAA, shunt measurement using Technetium 99-labelled albumin macroaggregates; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.