Table 2 Clinical findings in 13 Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) patients with de novo microdeletions
Case:12345678910111213
SexMMFMFMMFFMFMM5F/8M
Facial appearance
Greek warrior helmet facies++++++++++10/13
Hypertelorism++NINI++++++8/11
Prominent glabella++NI++NI+++7/11
High forehead++NINI+++NI++++9/10
EpicanthusNININI+NI+2/9
Broad nose++NINI+++++7/11
Beaked nose++NININI+++5/10
Short philtrum++NI+++NI+++8/11
OligodontiaNININI+++NINI+NI+5/7
Micrognathia++++NI+++7/12
Downturned shape of the mouth++NI++NI+ mild+6/11
Cleft lip/palate−/−−/−−/−−/−NI−/−−/−−/−NI−/−−/+−/−−/−1/11
Colobomata of irisNI0/12
Narrow lacrimal ductsNININININININI0/6
Strabism++NI+3/12
Dysplastic ears+++++++NI+++10/12
Preauricular tag/pitNI0/12
Birth
Gestational weeks at birth4036NI3937383237404242344038*
Weight (g)2080(<P3)1570(<P3)26402270(<P3)2050(P3–P10)2330(P3–P10)1800(P50–P75)2460(P25)2010(<P3)3250(P50)1900(P3–P10)2650(P75–P90)1900 (<P3)2224*
Length (cm)47(P10–P25)NINI47.5(P25)44(P10–P25)44(<P10)42(P50)46(P25)44(<P10)50(P50–P75)45(<P10)49(P90)NI46*
IUGR+++++++++++11/13
OFC (cm)NININI33(P25–P50)29 (<P10)0 y1 m: 34 cm(<P3)30(P75–P90)32(P25)31(<P10)36, 2(>P90)30(<P10)NINI31*
Microcephaly at birthNININI++++NINI4/8
Neonatal feeding difficultiesNINININININI+NININININI+2/2
Postnatal examination
Age at examination (year, month)11, 82, 423121613133, 61213, 614295, 6
Length (cm)/short stature (+/−)+87(P10–P25)NI151(P50–P75)+172(>P97)129(<P3)+(−3SD)128(<P3)155(P25–P50)149(<P3)153(<P3)93(<P3)
Weight (kg)/low weight (+/−)+9, 2(<P3)31(P10–P25)+41, 3(P25–P50)21(<P3)−2SD23(<P3)32, 1(P3–P10)36, 7(<P3)11, 5(<P3)
OFC (cm)/microcephaly (+/−)+46.3(<P3)+NI+50(<P3)48, 5(<P3)−2SD49(<P3)53.4(P25)11 y: 47.3(<P3)52(<P3)44.8(<P3)
Mental retardationModerateSevereSevereModerate+Mild/ moderateModerateSevereSevereMild/ moderateModerate/ severeSevereModerate
Sitting without support (year, month)+NI0, 1NI1, 2NI5, 0+0, 9NI3+8/9
Walking without support (year/month)1, 6NI2, 1NI1, 62, 6NI1, 3NI61, 27/9
Speech (year, month)+5, 5NI4++4+7/12
Hypotonia++++++NI+NI7/11
Seizures++++++++8/13
DeafnessNI+1/12
Congenital heart defects+ Small VSDNINI+ Pst2/11
Clubbing of fingers/toesNINININI0/9
Scoliosis/hyperk+NI++NI++5/11
Club feet+NINININI1/9
Renal anomaliesLeft sided kidney duplicationNINIVesico-urethral refluxNINININI2/7
Genital anomaliesHypospadiasHypospadiasNIHypospadiasHypospadiasNINIClitoromegalyHypospadiasHypospadias7/10
Sacral dimple+++++NINI++++9/11
ExtraHip dysplasia, nystagmusScoliosisKyphosisAphasia hyperactiveLeft inguinal herniaLeft diaphragmatic hernia
Delineation of the deletion
Deletion (start–end in Mb)1.41.92.02.22.31.1–2.52.72.72.71.8–3.63.74.85.3
Diagnosis by means ofFISH Oncor WHS probeFISH Cytocell WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH subtel. Probe VysisFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probeFISH Vysis WHS probe
Subtelomeric screening by1 Mb array1 Mb array1 Mb array1 Mb arrayFISH subtelFISH subtel1 Mb arrayFISH subtel1 Mb arrayFISH subtelFISH subtel1 Mb array1 Mb array
Last normal clone (interstitial) (Mb)RP11-20I20(1.1–1.3)RP11-1197E19(1.8–1.9)
First deleted clone (interstitial) (Mb)RP11-386I15(12.–1.4)RP11-262P20(1.8–2.1)
Last deleted clone (Mb)RP11-386I15(1.3–1.4)RP11-21I14(1.9–2.1)RP11-318G6(2.0–2.2)RP11-440D10(2.2–2.4)RP11-478C1(2.1–2.3)RP11-478A6(2.4–2.6)?RP11-444J4(2.6–2.7)RP11-444J4(2.6–2.7)RP11-444J4(2.6–2.7)RP11-357G3(3.2–3.4)RP3-513G18(3.6–3.7)RP11-359G4(4.7–4.9)CTD-2265H21(5.3–5.5)
First normal clone (Mb)RP11-1398P2(1.5–1.6)RP11-318G6(2.0–2.2)RP11-478C1(2.1–2.3)RP11-678M13(2.3–2.5)RP11-503N18(2.3–2.5)RP3-474M20(2.6–2.7)?RP11-372F2(2.9–3.1)RP11-372F2(2.9–3.1)RP11-372F2(2.9–3.1)RP11-529E10(3.4–3.6)RP11-489M13(4.0–4.2)RP11-326I19(4.8–5.0)RP11-653L17(5.5–5.7)
Chr. 4 band4p16.34p16.34p16.34p16.34p16.34p16.3p16.34p16.34p16.34p16.34p16.3p16.34p16.34p16.24p16.2
  • ASD: atrial septal defect; F, female; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridisation; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; M, male; NI, not investigated; OFC, occipitofrontal circumference; Pst, pulmonic stenosis; VSD, ventricular septal defect.

  • *Average.