Renal malformations
| Renal malformations | Frequency | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| *Included in unilateral renal agenesis. | ||
| Unilateral renal agenesis | 22 (18.8%) | 3,9,14,18–21,24,28 (three cases),35,38,41,43,45 (four cases),51,52,54 |
| Unilateral renal agenesis with agenesis of ureter | 4 (3.4%) | 32 (two cases),44,45 |
| Bilateral renal agenesis | 6 (5.1%) | 12, 15, 16, 19, 39, 44 |
| Bilateral renal agenesis with agenesis of ureters | 21 (17.9%) | 4 (seven cases),7,11,16 (two cases),19,21,29,31,34,36,40–42,53 |
| Cystic dysplasia of kidneys or renal cysts | 14 (12%) | 4 (four cases),9,17,19,32,36,44–46,50 (two cases) |
| Unilateral or bilateral renal hypoplasia or small kidneys | 14 (12%) | 3,4 (three cases),8,9,17,27,29,32 (two cases),49,50 (two cases) |
| Absent, hypoplastic, or small bladder with or without urethra | 20 (17%) | 4 (four cases),7,11,16 (two cases),19,21,36 (two cases),39,40,42,44 (two cases),45,50,53 |
| Agenesis of entire urinary apparatus | 29 | |
| Solitary pelvic kidney* | 20, 24 | |
| Bilateral renal artery agenesis | 41 | |
| Enlarged kidneys | 50 | |
| Duplex left kidney system/two left ureters | 3, 26 | |
| Hydronephrosis | 4, 36 | |
| Renal dysplasia | 45 (two cases),49 | |
| Hypertrophied or thick bladder | 4, 17 | |
| Bladder pseudexstrophy | 54 | |
| Anterior urethral atresia with deformed urinary bladder, bilateral hydronephrosis, and dilated ureters and umbilical discharge of urine | 46 | |