Gastrointestinal malformations
| GIT malformation | Frequency (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Anal atresia | 9 (7.7%) | 9,13,4 (three cases),16 (two cases),31,51 |
| Rectal atresia | 2 (1.7%) | 3, 24 |
| Anal stenosis | 8 (6.8%) | 3,8,16,28 (two cases),62 (three cases) |
| Imperforate anus | 15 (12.8%) | 3,4,11,20,22,25,36 (two cases),41,45 (four cases),51,53 |
| Anteriorly placed or displaced anus | 7 (6.0%) | 14,16,23,45,62 (three cases) |
| Umbilical hernia | 7 (6.0%) | 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 33, 45 |
| Low set umbilicus | 13 (11.1%) | 4,11,14,16 (two cases),20,22,24,31,45 (two cases),47,54 |
| Malrotation of intestine/bowel or incomplete rotation | 6 (5.1%) | 4, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24 |
| Fistula | 28 | |
| Perianal fistula | 9, 22 | |
| Intestinal fistula | 45 | |
| Large or protuberant abdomen | 36, 47 | |
| Lower abdominal wall defect | 54 | |
| Deep set umbilical cord | 34 | |
| Hypoplasia of the stomach | 4, 34 | |
| Hiatus hernia | 28 | |
| Duodenal stenosis | 44 | |
| Hepatomegaly | 11, 53 | |
| Abnormal lobulation of the liver | 16 | |
| Non-fixation of the intestine | 44 (two cases) | |
| Mesenteric abnormalities with simple arterial pattern | 4 (two cases) | |
| Absent appendix | 16, 21 | |
| Meckel diverticulum | 17 | |
| Ectopic adrenal tissue | 26 | |
| Ectopic pancreatic tissue | 40 | |