Adverse outcomes according to anti-epileptic drug exposure
| Congenital malformations | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug | Totals (liveborn if different) | Mean age at time of study (y) | Neonatal withdrawal features | Facial features | Major | Minor | Childhood medical | Developmental delay | Behaviour disorder (%) (but normal development) | Major congenital malformation or developmental delay in livebirths |
| *Significantly different from non-exposed group by χ2 (p<0.05). | ||||||||||
| †Significantly different from non-exposed group by Fisher's exact test (two tailed). | ||||||||||
| ‡Significantly different from non-exposed group by Cox's proportional hazards regression (p<0.05). | ||||||||||
| Carbamazepine | 70 (69) | 5.8 | 10 (15%) | 39/66 (59%)* | 8 (11.4%) | 25 (36%)* | 16 (23%)‡ | 15 (22%)‡ | 10 (14.5%)‡(2) | 19 (27%)‡ |
| Phenobarbitone | 61 | 15.5 | 8 (13%) | 11/52 (21%) | 6 (9.8%) | 23 (38%)* | 15 (25%) | 6 (10%) | 4 (6.6%)(1) | 12 (20%) |
| Valproate | 47 (46) | 3.75 | 11 (24%)† | 28/40 (70%)* | 5 (10.6%) | 25 (54%)* | 18 (39%)‡ | 13 (28%)‡ | 5 (10.9%)‡ | 16 (34%)‡ |
| Phenytoin | 25 (24) | 11.1 | 5 (21%)† | 12/23 (52%) | 4 (16%) | 9 (38%)* | 5 (21%) | 8 (33%)‡ | 1 (4.2%) | 11 (44%)‡ |
| Primidone | 2 | 0 | 1/1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Gabapentin | 1 | 10.2 | 1 | 0/1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Ethosuximide | 4 (2) | 0 | 1/1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Polytherapy | 51 (50) | 9.9 | 15 (30%)† | 27/43 (63%)* | 13 (25.5%)* | 23 (46%)* | 24 (48%)‡ | 19 (38%)‡ | 10 (20%)‡(2) | 21 (41%)‡ |
| All exposed | 261 (255) | 9.25 | 50 (20%) | 119/228 (52%) | 36 (13.8%) | 106 (42%) | 79 (31%) | 62 (24%) | 30 (11.8%)(5) | 80 (31%) |
| Not exposed | 38 | 15.1 | 1 (2.6%) | 3/12 (25%) | 2 (5.3%) | 5 (13%) | 5 (13%) | 4 (10.5%) | 2 (5.2%)(1) | 5 (13%) |
| Total offspring | 299 (293) | |||||||||