Table 1

Summary of studies included in this report. The indices listed are those based on five year maternal age groups. Unless otherwise indicated in the ‘Notes’ column, they are of the indirectly standardised type (BIISMA). Also listed at the foot of the table, though not analysed in the text, are four studies that had data in common with more extensive data sets listed in the upper part of the table

Study	Ref	Location	Period	Race^1-150	Cat^1-151	Index (SE) Mat age < 35	Index (SE) Mat age >= 35	Index (SE) All mat ages	J-S est^1-152	Notes^1-153
Carter & MacCarthy, 1951	25	London, UK	1943-1949	EU	HB	0.65 (0.11)	0.85 (0.11)	0.76 (0.08)	0.80
Collman & Stoller, 1962	26	Victoria, Aus	1942-1957	EU	PB	0.82 (0.04)	0.71 (0.03)	0.76 (0.02)	0.76
Halevi, 1967	27	Israel	1959-1960	JW	PB	0.63 (0.09)	0.56 (0.09)	0.59 (0.06)	-
Sever et al, 1970	28	USA	1958-1965	AF	OT	0.67 (0.19)	1.41 (0.35)	0.96 (0.18)	0.98	1
Severet al, 1970	28	USA	1958-1965	EU	OT	1.26 (0.27)	0.57 (0.21)	0.97 (0.18)	0.98	1
Uchida,1970	29	Manitoba	1960-1967	EU	PB			0.58 (0.04)	-	2
Jacobs et al, 1974	22	Edinburgh	1967-1972	EU	CL	0.84 (0.20)	0.74 (0.25)	0.80 (0.15)	0.92	3
Hamerton et al, 1975	23	Winnipeg	1970-1973	EU	CL					3
Christianson, 1976	30	Oakland, CA	1959-1967	MX	HB	1.06 (0.27)	1.17 (0.25)	1.12 (0.18)	1.00
Mikkelsen et al, 1976	31	Copenhagen	1960-1971	EU	PB	1.01 (0.08)	0.80 (0.10)	0.94 (0.06)	0.95
Coffey & McCormick, 1977	32	E Ireland	1974-1975	EU	PB			1.20 (0.16)	1.05	4
Hook & Chambers, 1977	11	NYS excl NYC	1963-1974	EU	OT	0.96 (0.04)	0.93 (0.05)	0.95 (0.03)	0.95	5
Stark & White, 1977	33	Lower Michigan	1950-1964	EU	OT	0.57 (0.02)	0.56 (0.02)	0.56 (0.01)	-	5
Stark & White, 1977	33	Lower Michigan	1950-1964	AF	OT	0.54 (0.05)	0.40 (0.05)	0.48 (0.03)	-	5
Hook & Fabia, 1978	13	Mass, USA	1958-1965	EU	PB	0.88 (0.04)	0.85 (0.03)	0.86 (0.03)	0.87
Hook & Harlap, 1979	4	W Jerusalem	1964-1975	JN	PB	1.25 (0.19)	1.29 (0.17)	1.27 (0.13)	1.15
Hook & Harlap, 1979	4	W Jerusalem	1964-1975	JE	PB	0.94 (0.21)	0.69 (0.19)	0.83 (0.14)	0.91
Mulcahy, 1979	34	W Australia	1966-1976	EU	PB	0.84 (0.07)	1.02 (0.11)	0.90 (0.06)	0.91
Young et al, 1980	35	S Wales	1968-1976	EU	PB	1.14 (0.17)	1.22 (0.24)	1.17 (0.14)	1.07
Seebachet al, 1981	36	Valparaiso, Chile	1973-1977	MX	HB	0.93 (0.23)	0.77 (0.22)	0.86 (0.16)	0.94	6
Adeyokunnu, 1982	37	Ibadan, Nigeria	1972-1980	AF	HB			0.99 (0.21)	0.98	4
Mikkelsen et al, 1983	38	Denmark	1979-1980	EU	PB	0.86 (0.10)	1.15 (0.19)	0.88 (0.10)	0.90	4
Leisti et al, 1985	39	N Finland	1965-1979	EU	PB	0.94 (0.09)	0.98 (0.09)	0.96 (0.06)	0.96
Iselius & Lindsten, 1986	14	Sweden	1968-1982	EU	PB	1.02 (0.03)	1.00 (0.04)	1.01 (0.02)	1.01
Radic, 1986	40	E Ireland	1979-1983	EU	PB	0.97 (0.10)	0.95 (0.10)	0.96 (0.07)	0.96
Baird & Sadovnick, 1988	41	Br Columbia	1964-1983	EU	PB	0.93 (0.04)	0.96 (0.06)	0.94 (0.03)	0.94
Boo et al, 1989	42	Kuala Lumpur	1986-1987	ML	HB	0.37 (0.14)	0.86 (0.22)	0.60 (0.13)	0.77
Knox & Lancashire, 1991	43	Birmingham, UK	1964-1984	EU	PB	1.02 (0.07)			1.01	7
Knox & Lancashire, 1991	43	Birmingham, UK	1964-1984	AI	PB	1.22 (0.17)			1.04	7
Knox & Lancashire, 1991	43	Birmingham, UK	1964-1984	AF	PB	1.00 (0.22)			0.98	7
Koulischer et al, 1991	44	S Belgium	1971-1990	EU	HB	0.96 (0.05)	1.05 (0.07)	0.99 (0.04)	0.99	8
Nazeret al, 1991	45	Chile	1977-1989	MX	HB	1.27 (0.18)	0.95 (0.16)	1.12 (0.12)	1.06	6
Staples et al, 1991	46	S Australia	1965-1989	EU	PB	0.93 (0.05)	0.93 (0.07)	0.93 (0.04)	0.93
Wilsonet al, 1992	5	Los Angeles	1974-1988	LA	HB	1.26 (0.09)	1.37 (0.12)	1.30 (0.07)	1.26
Wilson et al, 1992	5	Los Angeles	1974-1988	AE	HB	0.87 (0.19)	0.71 (0.24)	0.81 (0.15)	0.91
Carothers, 1994	47	Scotland	1989-1990	EU	PB	0.87 (0.09)	1.07 (0.14)	0.93 (0.08)	0.94
Ligutic et al, 1994	48	Croatia, 3 cities	1983-1988	EU	PB	1.77 (0.26)			0.98	7
Little et al, 1995	49	Dallas, TX	1980-1989	AF	HB	0.37 (0.10)	0.40 (0.23)	0.38 (0.10)	-
Little et al, 1995	49	Dallas, TX	1980-1989	LA	HB	0.62 (0.14)	1.17 (0.37)	0.73 (0.13)	0.84
Littleet al, 1995	49	Dallas, TX	1980-1989	EU	HB	0.81 (0.19)	2.32 (0.65)	1.09 (0.19)	0.99
Lopez et al, 1995	50	Glasgow, UK	1980-1990	EU	PB	0.99 (0.09)			0.99	7
Bishop et al, 1997	6	California	1990-1991	AM	PB	0.79 (0.16)	1.00 (0.14)	0.91 (0.10)	0.93
Bishopet al, 1997	6	California	1990-1991	AF	PB	0.89 (0.16)	1.14 (0.22)	0.98 (0.13)	0.98
Bishop et al, 1997	6	California	1990-1991	LA	PB	1.23 (0.08)	1.13 (0.09)	1.19 (0.06)	1.17
Bishopet al, 1997	6	California	1990-1991	EU	PB	0.85 (0.08)	1.09 (0.08)	0.96 (0.06)	0.97
Huether et al, 1998	51	Atlanta	1970-1989	EU	PB	0.93 (0.06)	0.88 (0.08)	0.92 (0.05)	0.92
Huetheret al, 1998	51	Atlanta	1970-1989	AF	PB	0.96 (0.08)	0.81 (0.11)	0.92 (0.06)	0.93	9
Huether et al, 1998	51	SW Ohio	1970-1989	EU	PB	1.00 (0.05)	1.12 (0.08)	1.03 (0.04)	1.03
Huetheret al, 1998	51	SW Ohio	1970-1989	AF	PB	0.90 (0.10)	0.66 (0.13)	0.84 (0.08)	0.86	9
Hook & Lindsjo, 1978	52	Sweden	1968-1970	EU	PB	0.99 (0.06)	0.90 (0.07)	0.95 (0.05)	-	10
Trimble & Baird, 1978	53	Br Columbia	1961-1970	EU	PB	0.95 (0.06)	0.85 (0.06)	0.91 (0.04)	-	11
Huether et al, 1978	12	Ohio	1970-1979	EU	OT	1.07 (0.05)	1.15 (0.08)	1.09 (0.04)	-	5, 12
Unpublished	-	Sweden	1971-1982	EU	PB	1.03 (0.03)	1.04 (0.04)	1.03 (0.03)	-	13

↵1-150 Key to Race: AE - mainly a mixture of those of African and of European origin; AF - African origin; AI - Asian (Indian subcontinental origin); AM - Asian (Mongolian origin, ie Chinese, Japanese, Korean etc); EU - European origin; JE - Jewish of European origin; JN - Jewish of non-European origin; JW - Jewish of unspecified origin; LA - Latin-American origin (Mexican or Central American); ML - Malaysian; MX - mixed.
↵1-151 Key to Cat: HB - hospital based; PB - population based; CL - cytogenetic survey of consecutive livebirths; OT - other.
↵1-152 James-Stein estimators based on 43 values (five excluded because of probable underascertainment - see text).
↵1-153 Key to Notes: (1) Original study based on data from the US Perinatal Collaborative Study of births from 1958 to 1966; the reanalysis presented here is of data made available from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program which formed part of the original study. It excluded twin cases and those associated with rubella. (2) Largely based on survey of living cases. (3) Results from Jacobs et al 22 and Hamertonet al 23 have been combined; note that the latter study included some native Americans. (4) Maternal ages of controls not given, hence BINSMA index used. (5) Largely based on birth certificate data. (6) Racial origins not specified, but probably of mainly European descent. (7) Separate maternal age data on prenatal diagnoses not given, hence only the index for the younger maternal age group was computed. (8) Original study supplemented by additional data, as reported in Hecht and Hook.1 (9) Populations described as “non-White”, but in fact >85% Black. (10) Overlaps with Iselius and Lindsten.14 (11) Overlaps with Baird and Sadovnick.41 (12) Overlaps with Huetheret al. 51 (13) Data of Iselius and Lindsten14 after removing those of Hook and Lindsjo.52