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A genome scan in multigenerational families with dyslexia: Identification of a novel locus on chromosome 2q that contributes to phonological decoding efficiency

Molecular Psychiatry volume 10, pages 699–711 (2005)Cite this article

Abstract

Dyslexia is a common and complex developmental disorder manifested by unexpected difficulty in learning to read. Multiple different measures are used for diagnosis, and may reflect different biological pathways related to the disorder. Impaired phonological decoding (translation of written words without meaning cues into spoken words) is thought to be a core deficit. We present a genome scan of two continuous measures of phonological decoding ability: phonemic decoding efficiency (PDE) and word attack (WA). PDE measures both accuracy and speed of phonological decoding, whereas WA measures accuracy alone. Multipoint variance component linkage analyses (VC) and Markov chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) multipoint joint linkage and segregation analyses were performed on 108 families. A strong signal was observed on chromosome 2 for PDE using both VC (LOD=2.65) and MCMC methods (intensity ratio (IR)=32.1). The IR is an estimate of the ratio of the posterior to prior probability of linkage in MCMC analysis. The chromosome 2 signal was not seen for WA. More detailed mapping with additional markers provided statistically significant evidence for linkage of PDE to chromosome 2, with VC-LOD=3.0 and IR=59.6 at D2S1399. Parametric analyses of PDE, using a model obtained by complex segregation analysis, provided a multipoint maximum LOD=2.89. The consistency of results from three analytic approaches provides strong evidence for a locus on chromosome 2 that influences speed but not accuracy of phonological decoding.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate the expert help of Department of Educational Psychology graduate students Sylvia Abbott, Allison Brooks, Ana Rueda Brown, Rebecca Brooksher, Julie Busse, Kristina Byrd, Belle Chenault, Gerry Curtin, Kate Eschen, Julie Gibson, Sarah Hellewege, Diana Hoffer, Renee Hartman, Stephanie King, Linelle Milatchov, Stacy Ogier, Tanya Prather, James Rodriguez, and Jared Taylor in administering the test battery. John Wolff provided technical help in processing all the blood and DNA samples and Hiep Nguyen provided computer support. We thank Richard Wagner and Joseph Torgesen for allowing us to use the prepublication measures of the CTOPP. We are grateful to the families for their willingness to devote the time necessary to participate in these studies. These studies were supported by grant P50 33812 from the National Institute of Child Health and Development. Some of the results of this article were obtained by use of the program SAGE, which is supported by a US Public Health Service Grant (1 P41 RR03655) from the National Center for Research Resources.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    W H Raskind, R P Igo Jr, N H Chapman, M Matsushita, M Brown & E M Wijsman

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    W H Raskind & Z Brkanac

  3. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    R P Igo Jr & E M Wijsman

  4. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    V W Berninger & J B Thomson

  5. The Locke Computer Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

    T Holzman

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  1. W H Raskind
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URLs for data and programs in this article are as follows:

Loki version 2.4.5: http://www.stat.washington.edu/thompson/Genepi/Loki.shtml

Marshfield maps: http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/genetics

SOLAR 2.1: http://www.sfbr.org/sfbr/public/software/solar/

S.A.G.E.: http://www.statsol.ie/sage/sage.htm

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Raskind, W., Igo, R., Chapman, N. et al. A genome scan in multigenerational families with dyslexia: Identification of a novel locus on chromosome 2q that contributes to phonological decoding efficiency. Mol Psychiatry 10, 699–711 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001657

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